TB-500 Chemical

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TB-500 References and Sources

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to a numbered entry below. Structural and biochemical sources first, then the regulatory record.

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The TB-500 references below are the complete source list for this digest. Entries 1 through 15 are the peer-reviewed scientific literature on thymosin beta-4 and its actin-binding region, with DOIs and PubMed links. Entries 16 through 18 are the audited FDA sources behind the TB-500 legal status and 503A category page; they were verified loading and containing the cited text on 2026-05-29. Where a finding used full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the Ac-LKKTETQ fragment, that distinction is stated on the page that cites it, not buried in the citation.

  1. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  2. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  3. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  4. Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin beta4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. ↗
  5. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  6. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  7. Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells. FASEB J. 2004;18(2):385-387. ↗
  8. Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:95-103. ↗
  9. Gao X, et al. Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130040. ↗
  10. Xiao X, et al. Multiple potential roles of thymosin beta4 in the growth and development of hair follicles. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(3):1350-1358. ↗
  11. Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. ↗
  12. Sosne G, Qiu P, Christopherson PL, Wheater MK. Thymosin beta4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-275. ↗
  13. Safer D, Elzinga M, Nachmias VT. Interaction of thymosin beta 4 with muscle and platelet actin: implications for actin sequestration in resting platelets. Biochemistry. 1992;31(28):6403-6408. ↗
  14. Peng H, et al. Thymosin-beta4 prevents cardiac rupture and improves cardiac function in mice with myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307(5):H741-H751. ↗
  15. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (list entry: "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500"; effective 2023-09-29). Verified 2026-05-29. ↗
  17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 and Category 2 definitions; 503A/503B framework). Verified 2026-05-29. ↗
  18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda listing TB-500 free base / acetate, BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). Verified 2026-05-29. ↗